✨ Introduction
Mastering Reading Comprehension begins with mastering the words!
In this post, we dive deep into vocabulary taken directly from an actual CAT RC passage. Each word has been explained in a simple, easy-to-understand way, along with examples to help you grasp its usage in real contexts.
From words like "species" and "cognitive" to "subjection" and "paradise," strengthen your vocabulary one word at a time — and take your RC performance to the next level!
📚 What’s Inside This Vocabulary Post?
- 🔍 Words Sourced from an Actual CAT RC Passage: Directly pick up important vocabulary from real CAT exam material.
- 🧠 Meaningful Explanations: Understand the exact meaning and usage of each word in a simple, student-friendly way.
- ✍️ Context-Based Learning: Learn words with examples that reflect their actual usage in reading comprehension contexts.
- 🗂️ Quick Reference Format: Words are neatly listed with meanings, parts of speech, and example sentences for easy revision.
- 🚀 Boost Your RC and Verbal Ability Skills: Improve your understanding of tough passages by strengthening your vocabulary.
📝 Words Covered in This Article:
- Combustion
- Skids
- summoned
- Mechanisms
- Myths
- Fantasy
- Dynasties
- Contemporary
- Inevitable
- Steering
WORD 1: Combustion
Context:
(Inferred example: “Combustion engines have powered vehicles for over a century, but their environmental impact is now being questioned.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Combustion" refers to the process of burning something, especially a chemical reaction that produces heat and light—typically involving fuel and oxygen. It is a key concept in physics, chemistry, and engineering. The most common example is the internal combustion engine, where fuel is burned to power cars, planes, and machines. The term is also used metaphorically to describe sudden emotional outbursts or energetic situations (e.g., a “combustion of anger”).
Meaning: The act or process of burning, often as a chemical reaction that produces energy (Noun)
Pronunciation: kum-BUS-chun
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Latin *comburere*, meaning “to burn up” — *com-* ("altogether") + *burere* (variant of "urere," to burn)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Combustion” is one of those science terms you should definitely know, especially for environmental and energy-related topics. It connects science with real-world concerns—think pollution, engines, or even fire safety. It’s also handy in metaphorical language if used creatively.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: burning, ignition, incineration, flaming, firing
Antonyms: extinguishing, smothering, cooling, suppression
Usage Examples:
- The combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
- The fire was caused by spontaneous combustion in a pile of oily rags.
- Internal combustion engines are being phased out in favor of electric motors.
- There was a sudden combustion of tempers during the heated debate.
Cultural Reference:
The shift from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles marks one of the most significant transformations in transportation history, aiming to reduce pollution and reliance on oil. - Environmental Policy Discussions
Think About It:
Can society fully move away from combustion-based technologies, or will they always play a role in certain industries?
Quick Activity:
List three things in daily life that involve combustion. What are the environmental consequences of each?
Memory Tip:
“Combustion” = think *boom!* — fire, heat, and gas released in an instant!
Real-World Application:
“Combustion” is central to studies in energy, engineering, climate science, and transportation. Understanding it helps students, engineers, and environmentalists engage with how energy is produced—and the price we pay for it.
WORD 2: Skids
Context:
(Inferred example: “The car hit a patch of ice and went into a spin, leaving long skids on the pavement.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Skids" are marks or motions caused by something sliding uncontrollably, typically on a slippery surface. In literal use, they describe the sudden, often dangerous sliding of vehicles, tires, or machinery. Figuratively, “on the skids” is also used to describe a person or organization in decline or experiencing trouble. This dual usage—physical and metaphorical—makes the word vivid and flexible in both narrative and analytical writing.
Meaning: Sudden, uncontrolled slides (usually by a vehicle); or a state of decline (Noun – plural)
Pronunciation: skidz
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Old Norse *skíða* (a split piece of wood or runner for sleds); evolved into the verb “to skid” meaning “to slip or slide”
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Skids” is one of those words with both practical and idiomatic power. Use it to describe accidents, action scenes, or metaphorically when someone is “slipping” in life. Pay attention to context—literal vs figurative—especially in comprehension passages or creative writing.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: slide, slip, swerve, drift (literal); decline, downfall (figurative)
Antonyms: traction, grip, recovery, control
Usage Examples:
- The truck left deep skids in the wet road after braking suddenly.
- The plane landed safely, though the wheels briefly went into a skid.
- His career has been on the skids since the company merger.
- The icy conditions made it easy for vehicles to go into skids at every turn.
Cultural Reference:
The phrase “on the skids” became popular in early 20th-century America, often used in movies and journalism to describe someone whose life or reputation is slipping—especially due to addiction, scandal, or failure. - American Idiomatic Usage
Think About It:
Why do you think language about physical movement, like “skids,” is so commonly used to describe emotional or professional decline?
Quick Activity:
Use “skids” in one literal sentence (about movement) and one metaphorical sentence (about a person or situation).
Memory Tip:
Think of tires squealing and sliding—*skids* = loss of grip, whether on a road or in life!
Real-World Application:
“Skids” is useful in describing traffic reports, writing action scenes, or commenting on someone's decline. It’s also common in news, sports, and entertainment when discussing downturns or failures.
WORD 3: Summoned
Context:
(Inferred example: “She was suddenly summoned to the principal’s office without any explanation.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Summoned" is the past tense of the verb "summon" and means to call someone to appear, often formally or urgently. It can be used in legal, magical, professional, or emotional contexts. You might be summoned to court, summoned by a teacher, or even summoned the courage to speak up. The word conveys a sense of authority or importance, and sometimes urgency, depending on context.
Meaning: Called upon someone to appear or be present, often formally or urgently (Verb – past tense)
Pronunciation: SUH-muhnd
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Latin *summonere*, meaning “to call, send for” — from *sub-* (“secretly, under”) + *monere* (“to warn or advise”)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Summoned” is a formal, powerful verb. It works beautifully in essays, stories, or any situation involving authority or high emotion. Don’t just limit it to people—it’s also great for inner strength: “She summoned her courage.” Practice using it in both literal and metaphorical senses.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: called, beckoned, requested, ordered, invoked
Antonyms: dismissed, ignored, excused, avoided
Usage Examples:
- The manager summoned the team to an urgent meeting at noon.
- In the ancient ritual, the priest summoned the spirits of the forest.
- He summoned the strength to finish the marathon, despite the pain.
- The king summoned his advisors to discuss the coming war.
Cultural Reference:
In fantasy literature and gaming, “summoned” often refers to calling forth magical creatures or supernatural forces—like a wizard summoning a dragon or spirit. - Fantasy Genre Conventions
Think About It:
What’s the difference between being asked and being summoned? How does the choice of word affect the tone of a sentence?
Quick Activity:
Write two sentences: one where a person is *summoned* in a formal setting, and one where someone *summons* internal strength or emotion.
Memory Tip:
“Summoned” sounds like “summons” — think of a courtroom or a magician calling something powerful into action.
Real-World Application:
“Summoned” is frequently used in legal writing, formal communication, fantasy stories, and emotional narratives. It helps convey urgency, power, or deep resolve.
WORD 4: Mechanisms
Context:
(Inferred example: “The body has built-in mechanisms to fight infection.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Mechanisms" refers to systems or processes that perform a function—either in machines, living organisms, or abstract systems. In biology, mechanisms might include how cells repair themselves. In psychology, mechanisms can refer to defense strategies. In technology or engineering, it usually means moving parts that work together in a machine. The term helps explain *how* something works, whether it's physical or conceptual.
Meaning: A system or process by which something works or is accomplished (Noun – plural)
Pronunciation: MEK-uh-niz-uhmz
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Greek *mēkhanē* ("machine or device"), which also gives us the word "machine"
Prashant Sir's Notes:
This is a high-utility academic word used in science, technology, psychology, economics—you name it! Use “mechanisms” to describe *how* something operates. Whether writing about machines, the immune system, or political structures, this word gives clarity and precision to explanations.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: systems, processes, operations, frameworks, structures
Antonyms: chaos, randomness, disorganization (contextual)
Usage Examples:
- The human body has complex mechanisms for healing wounds.
- The voting mechanisms in some countries are prone to manipulation.
- They studied the economic mechanisms that drive inflation.
- The clock’s internal mechanisms had to be repaired by a specialist.
Cultural Reference:
In psychology, "defense mechanisms" refer to unconscious strategies people use to cope with stress or conflict, a concept introduced by Sigmund Freud. - Psychology Foundations
Think About It:
What everyday mechanisms—biological, social, or mechanical—do we often take for granted, even though they are essential to how things work?
Quick Activity:
Choose a system (e.g., the immune system, a machine, or a democratic government) and briefly describe one mechanism it uses to function effectively.
Memory Tip:
“Mechanisms” = *machines or methods* that make things move or happen — think gears turning or systems working in the background.
Real-World Application:
“Mechanisms” is a key term in science reports, academic writing, engineering texts, and policy analysis—helping explain complex processes in a concise and structured way.
WORD 5: Inevitable
Context:
(Inferred example: “With rising sea levels, some coastal flooding is now considered inevitable.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Inevitable" describes something that is certain to happen and cannot be avoided or stopped. It’s often used in both serious and everyday situations—whether discussing climate change, aging, failure, or success. The word carries a tone of finality and realism. In literature, history, or philosophy, “inevitable” often reflects on fate, consequences, or the natural flow of events that are beyond human control.
Meaning: Certain to happen; unavoidable (Adjective)
Pronunciation: in-EV-ih-tuh-bul
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Latin *inevitabilis*, from *in-* ("not") + *evitare* ("to avoid") — literally "not able to be avoided"
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Inevitable” is a high-impact word, often used in essays to describe outcomes that are logical or expected. It's perfect for conclusions, predictions, and cause-effect arguments. Use it to show clarity and finality—just be sure the situation truly deserves such a strong word!
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: unavoidable, inescapable, certain, destined, sure
Antonyms: avoidable, uncertain, preventable, doubtful
Usage Examples:
- Given the evidence, her resignation felt inevitable.
- Change is inevitable in every growing society.
- With that much snow, road closures were inevitable.
- It’s inevitable that technology will continue to shape how we live and work.
Cultural Reference:
In the film *Avengers: Infinity War*, the character Thanos famously declares, “I am inevitable,” just before using the Infinity Gauntlet—highlighting the theme of unavoidable fate and power. - Pop Culture & Philosophy
Think About It:
Are some events in life truly inevitable—or do we just stop trying to change them after a certain point?
Quick Activity:
Write two short sentences: one using “inevitable” in a serious tone (e.g., climate, health) and another in a humorous tone (e.g., “It was inevitable I’d eat the cake.”)
Memory Tip:
“Inevitable” = *in* (not) + *evitable* (avoidable) → if something is inevitable, you *inevitably* have to face it!
Real-World Application:
“Inevitable” is widely used in academic writing, news articles, and formal discussions to express conclusions, forecasts, and outcomes that cannot be escaped or delayed.
WORD 6: Myths
Context:
(Inferred example: “Many cultures have myths explaining the origin of the universe.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Myths" are traditional stories or legends that often explain natural phenomena, cultural beliefs, or the origins of the world. Typically involving gods, supernatural beings, or heroic figures, myths form an essential part of a culture’s identity and worldview. Over time, the word has also come to mean widely held but false beliefs—like modern “myths” about health or history. Thus, the term operates in both ancient and contemporary contexts, blending imagination with explanation.
Meaning: Traditional stories explaining cultural beliefs or natural events; also, widely held but false ideas (Noun – plural)
Pronunciation: miths
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Greek *mythos* meaning “speech, tale, or story”
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Myths” are powerful tools in both literature and critical thinking. Use this word when discussing culture, religion, or when challenging common assumptions. In essays, myths can refer to ancient stories—or to false beliefs people still hold today. Always clarify which sense you’re using.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: legends, folklore, fables, tales, misconceptions
Antonyms: facts, truths, realities, evidence-based beliefs
Usage Examples:
- Greek myths often feature gods who reflect human emotions and flaws.
- There are many myths about what causes colds, but not all are true.
- Every ancient civilization had its own creation myths.
- We must debunk the myths surrounding mental health to create better understanding.
Cultural Reference:
Joseph Campbell’s book *The Hero with a Thousand Faces* explores global myths and reveals shared narrative patterns in mythologies worldwide, influencing writers like George Lucas. - Comparative Mythology
Think About It:
What myths—cultural or personal—have shaped the way you view the world, and how might they be challenged?
Quick Activity:
Choose one common myth (ancient or modern) and write two sentences: one explaining the myth, and one correcting or analyzing it.
Memory Tip:
“Myths” = *mystery stories* from the past—imagine ancient people around a fire, explaining the stars through tales.
Real-World Application:
“Myths” is a critical term in literature, sociology, anthropology, and even journalism—where it’s used to challenge misinformation or explore cultural roots. Use it thoughtfully in both academic and everyday contexts.
WORD 7: Fantasy
Context:
(Inferred example: “She lived in a world of fantasy, where dragons flew and magic ruled.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Fantasy" refers to the imaginative power to create worlds, ideas, or scenarios that are not grounded in reality. It is often associated with fiction involving magic, mythical creatures, and alternate universes. Beyond literature and entertainment, the word also applies to daydreams, personal ideals, or desires that are unrealistic. Fantasy can be both a creative force and an escape from reality, and it's central to storytelling, games, films, and even psychology.
Meaning: Imaginative ideas or stories that are not real; a genre of fiction based on magic or unreal worlds (Noun)
Pronunciation: FAN-tuh-see
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Greek *phantasia* (“appearance, imagination”), related to *phantazein* (“to make visible”), which also gives us "phantom"
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Fantasy” is a rich word with multiple layers. Use it to talk about fiction, psychology, or wishful thinking. In essays or discussions, differentiate between healthy imagination and unrealistic expectations. In literature, it’s one of the most powerful genres for exploring human emotions through metaphor and myth.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: imagination, dream, illusion, fiction, make-believe
Antonyms: reality, fact, truth, pragmatism
Usage Examples:
- He escaped into a fantasy world filled with wizards and enchanted forests.
- Her fantasy of becoming a movie star kept her going through hard times.
- Fantasy novels like *The Lord of the Rings* have inspired millions of readers.
- It’s important to separate fantasy from achievable goals in real life.
Cultural Reference:
J.R.R. Tolkien’s *The Lord of the Rings* and J.K. Rowling’s *Harry Potter* series are landmark examples of fantasy literature, shaping how the modern world views magic, heroism, and mythical creatures. - Literary Genre History
Think About It:
When does fantasy become harmful—preventing growth or understanding? And when is it essential for creativity and hope?
Quick Activity:
Write one sentence describing a fantasy world you'd like to visit. What makes it different from reality?
Memory Tip:
“Fantasy” = *fan* + *tasy* → fans of fiction often dive into fantastical realms of magic, dragons, and dreams!
Real-World Application:
“Fantasy” appears in literature, film, video games, psychology, and even advertising. It’s essential for understanding how humans express desires, fears, and imaginative thought.
WORD 8: Dynasties
Context:
(Inferred example: “Many Chinese dynasties contributed to the development of science, art, and governance.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Dynasties" are long-lasting ruling families or lineages that hold power over generations. Most commonly used in a historical or political context, the term refers to monarchies or empires where leadership is passed down through bloodlines. Dynasties can also be metaphorically applied to families or groups that dominate in business, sports, or entertainment over time. Whether in ancient China, medieval Europe, or modern corporate boardrooms, dynasties symbolize continuity, control, and legacy.
Meaning: Powerful families or lineages that maintain rule or influence across generations (Noun – plural)
Pronunciation: DINE-uh-steez
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Greek *dynasteia* (“lordship, power”), from *dunastēs* (“ruler”), based on *dunamis* (“power”)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Dynasties” is an excellent word for history essays, especially when writing about empires, civilizations, or succession. It can also appear in modern contexts—like describing a sports team or political family. Use it to highlight long-term power, heritage, and influence.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: ruling families, lineages, empires, houses, successions
Antonyms: republics, democracies, short-lived regimes, temporary rulers
Usage Examples:
- The Ming and Qing dynasties played a crucial role in shaping Chinese history.
- That basketball team has built one of the strongest dynasties in sports history.
- Ancient Egypt was ruled by a series of dynasties for over three thousand years.
- The company has been led by three generations of the same family—it's a modern corporate dynasty.
Cultural Reference:
The *Han Dynasty* (206 BCE – 220 CE) is one of the most celebrated dynasties in Chinese history, known for consolidating power, expanding trade via the Silk Road, and making Confucianism a state philosophy. - World History
Think About It:
What are the benefits and risks of leadership staying within a dynasty—whether in a kingdom, corporation, or sports team?
Quick Activity:
Choose a famous dynasty (historical, political, or sports-related) and write one sentence describing its legacy.
Memory Tip:
“Dynasties” = *dynamos of power* — think of unstoppable families that rule generation after generation.
Real-World Application:
“Dynasties” is a key term in world history, political science, and cultural analysis. It’s also used in journalism and sports commentary to describe sustained dominance or inherited influence.
WORD 9: Contemporary
Context:
(Inferred example: “Contemporary art often challenges traditional boundaries and expectations.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Contemporary" refers to things that exist, happen, or are created in the present or in the same time period. It is commonly used to describe modern styles, current trends, or people living at the same time. For example, “contemporary issues” are current global concerns, while “contemporary art” refers to artworks produced in our time. The word can also be used as a noun to describe someone who lived during the same period as another person.
Meaning: Existing or occurring in the present; belonging to the same time period (Adjective/Noun)
Pronunciation: kuhn-TEM-puh-rair-ee
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Latin *con-* (“with”) + *temporarius* (“of time”), meaning “with time”
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Contemporary” is a useful word for essays on art, culture, politics, or history. It helps you distinguish between the present and the past, or compare two people or ideas from the same period. Be careful: it doesn’t always mean *modern*—it just means “of the same time.”
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: modern, current, present-day, coexistent, up-to-date
Antonyms: historical, old-fashioned, outdated, ancient
Usage Examples:
- Contemporary literature reflects the issues of today’s world.
- He and Shakespeare were contemporaries, though they never met.
- Many contemporary artists use digital media to express their ideas.
- The exhibition compares ancient artifacts with contemporary designs.
Cultural Reference:
Contemporary art movements often explore identity, politics, technology, and environmental issues. Artists like Ai Weiwei and Banksy are known for their bold, contemporary expressions. - Modern Art Studies
Think About It:
How do contemporary values shape the way we view history, art, or progress?
Quick Activity:
Name two contemporary figures in different fields (e.g., science and literature) and explain what they represent about our current era.
Memory Tip:
“Contemporary” = *with time* → think of something or someone that lives or happens alongside your own timeline.
Real-World Application:
“Contemporary” is commonly used in academic writing, art critiques, social commentary, and news to distinguish current trends from past traditions.
WORD 10: Steering
Context:
(Inferred example: “She took control of the steering wheel and carefully navigated through the storm.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Steering" generally refers to the act of guiding or directing the movement of something—most commonly a vehicle. But the word is also widely used metaphorically: you can steer a conversation, a decision, or even a company. It implies control, influence, and intentional direction. Whether literal or figurative, “steering” conveys the idea of actively choosing a path rather than drifting aimlessly.
Meaning: The act of controlling or guiding the direction of something (Noun/Verb – present participle)
Pronunciation: STEER-ing
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Old English *stēoran* meaning “to guide a ship”; related to the word “steer”
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Steering” is a vivid word that works both in real-life and metaphorical situations. It’s especially useful when talking about leadership, guidance, or movement. Try using it in essays where you need to describe direction—whether physical (vehicles) or abstract (policies, ideas, careers).
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: guiding, directing, navigating, controlling, piloting
Antonyms: drifting, wandering, losing control, misguiding
Usage Examples:
- The driver was focused on steering the car through the winding roads.
- She played a crucial role in steering the company toward success.
- The captain took over the steering during the emergency landing.
- His experience in steering difficult conversations made him a great leader.
Cultural Reference:
“Steering committees” are often formed in organizations to guide major decisions or projects—this metaphorical use of “steering” is common in business and governance. - Organizational Management
Think About It:
In what areas of your life are you truly steering—and where might you be passively following?
Quick Activity:
Write one sentence using “steering” literally (about a vehicle) and another using it figuratively (about a decision or process).
Memory Tip:
Think “steering wheel” = direction and control — whenever you're steering, you're the one choosing where to go.
Real-World Application:
“Steering” is used in mechanical contexts (cars, boats, airplanes) and abstract discussions (leadership, decision-making), making it a valuable word in both technical and creative writing.
