✨ Introduction
Mastering Reading Comprehension begins with mastering the words!
In this post, we dive deep into vocabulary taken directly from an actual CAT RC passage. Each word has been explained in a simple, easy-to-understand way, along with examples to help you grasp its usage in real contexts.
From words like "species" and "cognitive" to "subjection" and "paradise," strengthen your vocabulary one word at a time — and take your RC performance to the next level!
📚 What’s Inside This Vocabulary Post?
- 🔍 Words Sourced from an Actual CAT RC Passage: Directly pick up important vocabulary from real CAT exam material.
- 🧠 Meaningful Explanations: Understand the exact meaning and usage of each word in a simple, student-friendly way.
- ✍️ Context-Based Learning: Learn words with examples that reflect their actual usage in reading comprehension contexts.
- 🗂️ Quick Reference Format: Words are neatly listed with meanings, parts of speech, and example sentences for easy revision.
- 🚀 Boost Your RC and Verbal Ability Skills: Improve your understanding of tough passages by strengthening your vocabulary.
📝 Words Covered in This Article:
- coexistence
- precipitous
- caregivers
- massacres
- culling
- Inattentive
- ourselves
- Orphaned
- Upheaval
- Profoundly
WORD 1: Coexistence
Context:
(Inferred example: “The city is known for the peaceful coexistence of multiple religious communities.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Coexistence" refers to the state of living or existing together at the same time and in the same place, especially in a peaceful or tolerant way. It can apply to people of different cultures, religions, or beliefs living side by side, or even to humans and wildlife sharing the environment. The term carries strong connotations of harmony, respect, and non-conflict, and is frequently used in discussions about diversity, diplomacy, and sustainability.
Meaning: The state of existing together peacefully despite differences (Noun)
Pronunciation: koh-eg-ZIST-ens
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Latin *co-* (“together”) + *existere* (“to exist”) → “to exist together”
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Coexistence” is a powerful word for essays on peace, multiculturalism, environmentalism, and global politics. It represents a hopeful ideal—how different elements or people can live side by side without conflict. Use it in writing that focuses on harmony, negotiation, or mutual respect.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: harmony, tolerance, peaceful living, collaboration, mutual respect
Antonyms: conflict, hostility, segregation, intolerance
Usage Examples:
- The museum showcases the coexistence of modern and traditional architecture.
- Wildlife conservation focuses on the coexistence of humans and endangered species.
- The nation’s strength lies in the coexistence of diverse cultures and languages.
- Coexistence doesn’t mean agreement on everything—it means respecting each other’s space.
Cultural Reference:
The “COEXIST” bumper sticker, often seen on cars and signs, uses religious symbols to spell the word and promotes peaceful coexistence among world religions. - Modern Peace Movements
Think About It:
What does true coexistence look like—not just tolerance, but active respect and cooperation between very different people or groups?
Quick Activity:
Write one example of coexistence you’ve observed in your community, school, or city. What made it successful?
Memory Tip:
“Coexistence” = *co* (together) + *existence* → imagine different people or species *existing together peacefully*.
Real-World Application:
“Coexistence” is a key concept in discussions about multiculturalism, diplomacy, ecology, and social justice. It is often used in policy, education, and community-building efforts aimed at fostering peace and mutual respect.
WORD 2: Precipitous
Context:
(Inferred example: “The company suffered a precipitous decline in profits after the product recall.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Precipitous" is an adjective with two common uses. Literally, it means extremely steep—like a cliff or slope that drops sharply. Figuratively, it describes something that happens suddenly and dramatically, especially a drop or decline. Whether you're describing a mountain path or a rapid economic crash, “precipitous” adds a sense of danger, speed, or abruptness. It often suggests instability and the need for caution.
Meaning: 1) Very steep (literal); 2) Sudden or dramatic (figurative) (Adjective)
Pronunciation: preh-SIP-i-tuhs
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Latin *praeceps, praecipitis* (“headlong, steep”) → *praecipitare* (“to throw headlong”)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Precipitous” is a sophisticated word useful in both academic and narrative writing. It's often used in economics, politics, and literature to describe sharp declines or sudden changes. It gives your writing intensity and precision—use it when a basic word like “steep” or “sudden” doesn’t feel strong enough.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: steep, sheer, sudden, abrupt, rapid
Antonyms: gradual, gentle, slow, steady
Usage Examples:
- The hikers carefully climbed the precipitous trail along the cliffside.
- There was a precipitous drop in sales after the competitor launched a cheaper version.
- His decision to quit his job without a plan seemed precipitous and risky.
- The stock market experienced a precipitous fall following the economic announcement.
Cultural Reference:
In political discourse, the term “precipitous withdrawal” is often used to critique military or policy exits that happen too quickly, leading to instability or chaos—as seen in debates over foreign interventions. - International Relations & Policy Studies
Think About It:
Can acting precipitously ever be a strength—like in emergencies—or is it always better to take a gradual, cautious approach?
Quick Activity:
Write a sentence describing a literal use (about geography or terrain), and one figurative use (about change or decision) of the word “precipitous.”
Memory Tip:
“Precipitous” sounds like *precipice*—imagine standing on the edge of a steep drop, whether it’s a cliff or a sudden decision.
Real-World Application:
“Precipitous” is used in academic writing, news reports, economics, environmental science, and travel literature. It adds emotional and descriptive power when highlighting sudden change or risky terrain.
WORD 3: Caregivers
Context:
(Inferred example: “Caregivers often face emotional exhaustion while supporting others, yet their contributions remain under-recognized.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Caregivers" are individuals who provide physical, emotional, or medical care to someone who is unable to care for themselves—such as the elderly, disabled, ill, or young children. Caregivers can be professionals (like nurses or home aides) or family members offering support out of love or responsibility. The role demands patience, empathy, and resilience, and is vital in both health care systems and personal lives. The term also reflects the emotional labor and often invisible work that supports human well-being.
Meaning: People who provide care and support to others who need assistance due to age, illness, or disability (Noun – plural)
Pronunciation: KAIR-giv-urz
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From “care” + “giver” → someone who gives care
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Caregivers” is a word that blends compassion with responsibility. It’s useful in essays about healthcare, aging, gender roles, or social work. Recognize that this term goes beyond profession—it captures emotional effort and social impact. Excellent for both analytical and reflective writing.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: helper, nurse, attendant, aide, supporter
Antonyms: dependent, patient (in context), neglecter
Usage Examples:
- Caregivers play a crucial role in supporting patients through recovery.
- Many family caregivers balance full-time jobs with the demands of elder care.
- The mental health of caregivers often goes unnoticed, despite their emotional burden.
- Training programs help new caregivers develop the skills needed for long-term support.
Cultural Reference:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, caregivers—both professional and informal—were hailed as frontline heroes, reminding the world of their often-overlooked importance. - Global Health Awareness
Think About It:
How can societies better support caregivers—emotionally, financially, and through public policy?
Quick Activity:
Write a sentence recognizing a caregiver in your life or community and explain why their role is important.
Memory Tip:
“Caregiver” = someone who *gives care*—whether through time, love, or physical assistance.
Real-World Application:
“Caregivers” is a key word in healthcare, psychology, elder care, social work, and education. It also appears frequently in policy discussions about aging populations and healthcare systems.
WORD 4: Massacres
Context:
(Inferred example: “The history book documents several brutal massacres that occurred during the civil war.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Massacres" are violent, large-scale killings of people, often unarmed and defenseless, typically carried out in a sudden or brutal manner. The word carries a deep emotional and moral weight, often linked with atrocities during wars, ethnic conflicts, or acts of terror. Massacres are not just acts of violence—they are symbols of injustice, cruelty, and the breakdown of humanity. The term is frequently used in history, journalism, and human rights reporting to describe tragic events that demand remembrance, justice, and reflection.
Meaning: The brutal and indiscriminate killing of many people, often civilians (Noun – plural)
Pronunciation: MAS-uh-kurz
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Middle French *massacre* (“slaughter of many”), origin uncertain, possibly related to the butchering of animals
Prashant Sir's Notes:
Use “massacres” with care—it is a powerful, emotionally loaded term. It should only be used to describe grave and historically significant events involving mass violence. In essays or discussions, ensure accuracy and sensitivity. This word is vital in writing about war, genocide, history, and justice.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: slaughter, carnage, bloodbath, atrocity, genocide
Antonyms: rescue, salvation, peace, protection
Usage Examples:
- The documentary explores the hidden truth behind one of the worst massacres in modern history.
- Survivors of the massacres are still seeking justice decades later.
- Massacres like these remind the world of the importance of human rights and international law.
- History lessons must include the discussion of massacres to ensure future generations never forget.
Cultural Reference:
The *Jallianwala Bagh Massacre* (1919) in British-ruled India, where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed civilians, became a turning point in India’s freedom struggle and is still commemorated as a symbol of colonial brutality. – Indian History & Colonial Studies
Think About It:
Why is it important to remember and document massacres, even when they are painful or controversial?
Quick Activity:
Choose one historical massacre you’ve learned about. Write two sentences explaining what happened and why it still matters today.
Memory Tip:
“Massacres” = *mass* + *killings* → think of the scale, suddenness, and horror involved in such tragic events.
Real-World Application:
“Massacres” is frequently used in history, journalism, human rights reports, and international law. It helps frame the conversation around war crimes, justice, memory, and collective responsibility.
WORD 5: Ourselves
Context:
(Inferred example: “We must challenge ourselves to grow beyond our comfort zones.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Ourselves" is a reflexive pronoun used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same group of people (including the speaker). It emphasizes that the action is done by and to the same group—“we.” It is also used for emphasis or to reflect collective responsibility or action. The word often appears in discussions about growth, accountability, and self-awareness. It's a grammatical tool, but one rich with personal and social meaning when used thoughtfully.
Meaning: Used to refer back to the subject "we" when they are also the object of the verb (Pronoun – reflexive/emphatic)
Pronunciation: ar-SELVS
Difficulty Level: ⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Middle English *oure selves*, combining *our* + *selves*, modeled after *himself*, *yourself*, etc.
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Ourselves” is a foundational grammar word, but it can be quite powerful. Use it to show reflection, responsibility, or unity. Great in motivational writing or academic settings where group identity and action are being discussed. Also useful in grammar practice focused on pronoun clarity and sentence structure.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: (contextual) we, us (used differently)
Antonyms: others, them (in contrast to self-reference)
Usage Examples:
- We prepared the meal ourselves to make it more meaningful.
- Let’s remind ourselves of the reasons we started this project.
- We found ourselves lost in a foreign city without a map.
- Sometimes we are our own worst critics—we must be kinder to ourselves.
Cultural Reference:
The phrase “We the people, in order to form a more perfect union...” from the U.S. Constitution reflects the idea of collective responsibility—of governing *ourselves*—a core concept in democratic ideals. – Civic Literacy & Political Philosophy
Think About It:
What does it really mean to be responsible for ourselves—not just individually, but as a group or society?
Quick Activity:
Write two sentences using “ourselves”: one reflexively (e.g., doing something to ourselves), and one for emphasis (e.g., we did it ourselves!).
Memory Tip:
“Ourselves” = *our* + *selves* → think of a group reflecting back on its own actions or identity.
Real-World Application:
“Ourselves” is essential in spoken and written English, especially in teamwork, personal development, grammar learning, and motivational writing. It helps convey ownership and unity.
WORD 6: Culling
Context:
(Inferred example: “Wildlife officials began culling deer to control overpopulation and protect local ecosystems.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Culling" refers to the selective removal or killing of individuals from a group—usually animals—to control population, improve the health of the species, or eliminate undesirable traits. It is widely used in wildlife management, agriculture, and fisheries. Although sometimes necessary for ecological balance, culling is controversial due to ethical concerns about animal welfare. The word can also be used metaphorically for carefully choosing or removing elements from a larger group in non-biological contexts, such as data or ideas.
Meaning: The selective removal of certain individuals (especially animals) from a population, often to control numbers or improve quality (Noun/Verb – gerund form)
Pronunciation: KUHL-ing
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Middle English *cullyn*, meaning “to select” or “pick out,” related to the French *cuillir* (“to gather”)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Culling” is a technical yet emotionally charged term. It’s often used in discussions about ecology, agriculture, and ethics. Be precise when using it—whether referring to wildlife, livestock, or metaphorical selection (like culling articles for a report). Understand both its functional and moral dimensions.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: select, remove, eliminate, reduce, prune
Antonyms: preserve, protect, retain, increase
Usage Examples:
- The government approved the culling of wild boars to prevent crop damage.
- Farmers engage in culling to maintain healthy herds.
- The editor is culling weak submissions to finalize the magazine’s content.
- Animal rights activists protested against the mass culling of stray dogs.
Cultural Reference:
In 2001, the UK faced controversy during the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak when widespread culling of livestock was implemented to prevent the disease’s spread—sparking national debate over public health and animal ethics. – Environmental & Public Policy History
Think About It:
Is culling an ethical necessity for population control—or does it reflect a human tendency to dominate rather than coexist with nature?
Quick Activity:
Write one sentence using “culling” in an environmental context and another in a metaphorical or organizational context (like editing or decision-making).
Memory Tip:
“Culling” = *carefully cutting out* — like trimming a tree or selecting only the best apples from a basket.
Real-World Application:
“Culling” is frequently used in wildlife management, farming, fisheries, and even corporate or editorial decisions. Knowing this term helps in discussions around sustainability, ethics, and strategic selection.
WORD 7: Inattentive
Context:
(Inferred example: “The student was inattentive during the lecture and missed key points for the exam.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Inattentive" describes someone who is not paying attention or is easily distracted. It can refer to a person’s behavior in a specific moment (e.g., during a meeting or conversation) or more generally to a careless or neglectful attitude. This word is commonly used in educational, workplace, and psychological contexts, and it implies a lack of focus, mindfulness, or engagement.
Meaning: Not paying attention; distracted or lacking focus (Adjective)
Pronunciation: in-uh-TEN-tiv
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Latin *in-* (“not”) + *attentivus* (“attentive, heedful”)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Inattentive” is a useful descriptive word in essays about classroom behavior, parenting, and productivity. Use it to describe situations where a person is not mentally present. It contrasts well with “attentive,” allowing you to describe both sides of engagement. It also fits well into discussions on distractions and digital habits.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: distracted, careless, unobservant, heedless, negligent
Antonyms: attentive, focused, alert, observant, mindful
Usage Examples:
- The driver was inattentive and nearly caused an accident.
- Children may appear inattentive in class due to boredom or external stress.
- He apologized for being inattentive during the meeting.
- Inattentive parenting can lead to emotional and behavioral issues in children.
Cultural Reference:
In psychology, inattentiveness is one of the key symptoms of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), affecting focus, task completion, and memory in children and adults. – Clinical Psychology & Education
Think About It:
With constant digital distractions, how can we train ourselves to be less inattentive and more present in our daily lives?
Quick Activity:
Write two contrasting sentences: one describing an inattentive student, and one showing an attentive student in the same situation.
Memory Tip:
“Inattentive” = *in* (not) + *attentive* → simply remember: not paying attention!
Real-World Application:
“Inattentive” is often used in education, parenting advice, psychology, and workplace feedback. It helps describe behaviors that impact performance, communication, and safety.
WORD 8: Orphaned
Context:
(Inferred example: “After the war, thousands of children were left orphaned and in need of care.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Orphaned" is the past participle and adjective form of the verb "orphan," meaning to be left without parents, typically due to death, abandonment, or conflict. It is most commonly used to describe children, but the word can also apply metaphorically to ideas, groups, or items that have been cut off from their origin or source. It evokes deep emotional and humanitarian themes and is often used in the context of war, natural disasters, and social care discussions.
Meaning: Left without one or both parents due to death or abandonment (Adjective / Verb – past participle)
Pronunciation: OR-fuhnd
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Late Latin *orphanus*, from Greek *orphanos* (“bereaved, parentless”)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Orphaned” is a powerful and sensitive word. Use it carefully in essays on social issues, literature, or global crises. It's not just about the literal loss of parents—it can symbolize vulnerability, isolation, or the need for support. In fiction, orphaned characters often drive emotional depth and character growth.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: parentless, abandoned (in some contexts), bereaved
Antonyms: parented, accompanied, protected (contextual)
Usage Examples:
- The war left thousands of children orphaned and displaced.
- He was orphaned at a young age and raised by his grandparents.
- The storm orphaned many animals that were later rescued by volunteers.
- That forgotten idea felt orphaned—brilliant, but without a champion.
Cultural Reference:
Classic literary characters like Oliver Twist (Charles Dickens) and Harry Potter are famously orphaned, highlighting themes of resilience, loneliness, and the quest for belonging. – Literature & Social Commentary
Think About It:
How can societies and individuals create safe, nurturing environments for those who have been orphaned—physically or emotionally?
Quick Activity:
Write one literal sentence using “orphaned” (about a child or person), and one metaphorical sentence (about an idea, project, or group).
Memory Tip:
“Orphaned” = *orphan* + *-ed* → think of someone or something *left behind or alone* after losing its source of care or origin.
Real-World Application:
“Orphaned” is often used in humanitarian work, literature, child psychology, and disaster response. It evokes empathy and is key in discussions about adoption, foster care, and social responsibility.
WORD 9: Upheaval
Context:
(Inferred example: “The political upheaval led to mass protests and a complete shift in national leadership.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Upheaval" refers to a sudden, dramatic change or disruption—often involving conflict, chaos, or emotional turmoil. It can describe political revolutions, natural disasters, personal crises, or social transformations. The term suggests a forceful break from the normal state of things, typically leading to confusion or reorganization. It is powerful in both literal (e.g., geological) and metaphorical (e.g., emotional or societal) contexts.
Meaning: A sudden or violent change or disruption, especially causing turmoil (Noun)
Pronunciation: uhp-HEE-vuhl
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Middle English *upheven* (“to lift up”) → “up” + “heave” (to lift forcefully)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Upheaval” is a dramatic and impactful word, perfect for describing periods of transformation—whether political, personal, or historical. Use it in essays on revolutions, societal change, or emotional journeys. It immediately signals intensity and should be used when the change feels unavoidable, disruptive, or defining.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: disruption, turmoil, chaos, revolution, shake-up
Antonyms: stability, calm, order, peace, continuity
Usage Examples:
- The nation experienced a period of upheaval following the collapse of its economy.
- The death of a parent can bring emotional upheaval that lasts for years.
- Technological upheaval has transformed the way we communicate and work.
- Geological upheaval caused by the earthquake reshaped the entire coastline.
Cultural Reference:
The 1960s are often seen as a time of cultural upheaval in the U.S.—marked by civil rights protests, anti-war movements, and a shift in social norms. – 20th Century History & Cultural Studies
Think About It:
Can upheaval—though painful or chaotic—sometimes lead to necessary growth, innovation, or justice?
Quick Activity:
Write a sentence describing a time of upheaval—real or fictional—and what emerged after the disruption.
Memory Tip:
“Upheaval” = *up + heave* → imagine the ground being lifted violently, symbolizing major disturbance or change.
Real-World Application:
“Upheaval” is frequently used in news articles, essays, documentaries, and novels to describe turbulent periods in politics, nature, or personal life. It's a compelling term for both analytical and emotional storytelling.
WORD 10: Profoundly
Context:
(Inferred example: “Her words profoundly affected the way I think about forgiveness.”)
Explanatory Paragraph:
"Profoundly" is an adverb that means deeply, intensely, or in a way that shows great insight or emotional depth. It is often used to describe powerful effects, emotions, or realizations that go beyond the surface. Whether someone is profoundly moved, profoundly deaf, or profoundly grateful, the word adds gravity and seriousness. It emphasizes significance and depth—whether intellectual, emotional, or physical.
Meaning: In a deep, intense, or significant way (Adverb)
Pronunciation: proh-FOUND-lee
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Basic
Etymology: From Latin *profundus* (“deep”), with *pro-* (“forward”) + *fundus* (“bottom”) → “bottomless” or “deeply rooted”
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Profoundly” is a versatile word for writing that needs emotional or intellectual depth. Use it to elevate your expression—whether in essays, personal reflections, or speeches. It works best with abstract nouns like *impact*, *change*, *belief*, *truth*, or *emotion*. It's also a common intensifier in thoughtful or serious contexts.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: deeply, intensely, seriously, gravely, meaningfully
Antonyms: superficially, lightly, shallowly, slightly
Usage Examples:
- The loss of her father profoundly changed her outlook on life.
- He was profoundly grateful for the stranger’s kindness.
- The book profoundly challenged my views on identity and culture.
- She was profoundly deaf but communicated fluently through sign language.
Cultural Reference:
In Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech, the phrase “profoundly influenced” has often been used by scholars to describe the speech’s impact on the American civil rights movement. – Civil Rights Rhetoric
Think About It:
What is one moment or idea that has profoundly changed the way you see the world—and why?
Quick Activity:
Write two sentences using “profoundly”: one about an emotional experience, and another about an intellectual realization.
Memory Tip:
“Profoundly” = *pro + found* → like something “found deeply” within or beneath the surface.
Real-World Application:
“Profoundly” is widely used in academic writing, speeches, emotional storytelling, and reflective essays. It signals that the subject carries deep meaning or impact.
