✨ Introduction
Mastering Reading Comprehension begins with mastering the words!
In this post, we dive deep into vocabulary taken directly from an actual CAT RC passage. Each word has been explained in a simple, easy-to-understand way, along with examples to help you grasp its usage in real contexts.
From words like "species" and "cognitive" to "subjection" and "paradise," strengthen your vocabulary one word at a time — and take your RC performance to the next level!
📚 What’s Inside This Vocabulary Post?
- 🔍 Words Sourced from an Actual CAT RC Passage: Directly pick up important vocabulary from real CAT exam material.
- 🧠 Meaningful Explanations: Understand the exact meaning and usage of each word in a simple, student-friendly way.
- ✍️ Context-Based Learning: Learn words with examples that reflect their actual usage in reading comprehension contexts.
- 🗂️ Quick Reference Format: Words are neatly listed with meanings, parts of speech, and example sentences for easy revision.
- 🚀 Boost Your RC and Verbal Ability Skills: Improve your understanding of tough passages by strengthening your vocabulary.
📝 Words Covered in This Article:
- Cephalopod
- Cornerstone
- Prerequisite
- Solitary
- Experimental trials
- Marshmallow test
- Temptation
- Modified
- Distract themselves
- Comparative psychologistst
WORD-1: Cephalopod
Context:
"The octopus, a highly intelligent cephalopod, has been observed using tools and solving puzzles." - National Geographic
Explanatory Paragraph:
Cephalopod refers to a class of marine animals within the mollusk family that includes octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and nautiluses. Known for their bilateral symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles, cephalopods are considered some of the most intelligent and behaviorally complex invertebrates on Earth. They have sophisticated nervous systems, can change color and texture for camouflage, and are often studied for their problem-solving abilities.
Meaning: A marine animal of the mollusk class that includes octopuses, squids, and similar species (Noun)
Pronunciation: SEF-uh-luh-pod
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Greek “kephalē” (head) + “pous” (foot), meaning “head-footed” — referring to limbs growing from the head region
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Cephalopod” is both a biology term and a word rich in science-fiction and marine lore. The next time you see a sci-fi alien with tentacles—remember, it's probably inspired by a cephalopod!
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus (examples)
Antonyms: vertebrate, insect, crustacean (non-related animal groups)
Usage Examples:
- The cephalopod used its ink as a defensive escape mechanism.
- Scientists believe the cephalopod brain rivals that of some vertebrates in complexity.
- The aquarium has an entire exhibit dedicated to the behavior of cephalopods.
- Cephalopods are known for their ability to camouflage instantly by changing skin color and texture.
Cultural Reference:
Cephalopods, especially octopuses and squids, often appear in mythology and pop culture — from the Kraken of Norse legends to the alien cephalopods in the film *Arrival*. - Science Fiction & Myth
Think About It:
If cephalopods are so intelligent, should we treat them differently in research and aquariums? Where do we draw ethical lines in studying non-human minds?
Quick Activity:
Draw or describe a fictional cephalopod species. What makes it unique? What might its intelligence look like in behavior or communication?
Memory Tip:
Cephalopod = *cephalo* (head) + *pod* (foot) → “head-foot” — animals whose arms or feet come directly from their head. Think: tentacled head!
Real-World Application:
Understanding cephalopods is important in marine biology, neuroscience, and robotics — their complex nervous systems and adaptive behaviors inspire innovation in AI and soft robotics.
WORD-2: Cornerstone
Context:
"Critical thinking is the cornerstone of a strong education system." - UNESCO Education Report
Explanatory Paragraph:
Cornerstone refers to the foundational element on which something is built or developed. Originally a term in architecture, describing the first stone laid in a structure's foundation, it now broadly symbolizes a central or essential part of a system, belief, organization, or principle. Without the cornerstone, the entire structure — literal or metaphorical — would lack support or coherence.
Meaning: A fundamental or essential element of a system or structure (Noun)
Pronunciation: KOR-ner-stone
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Beginner-Intermediate
Etymology: From Old French *corniere* + *stone* — literally “stone at the corner,” marking the start of a building’s construction
Prashant Sir's Notes:
Think of “cornerstone” as the first and most important block — the one that determines everything else. It’s great for both literal and metaphorical usage in essays, speeches, and writing.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: foundation, bedrock, basis, keystone, backbone
Antonyms: superfluity, addition, accessory, nonessential
Usage Examples:
- Trust is the cornerstone of every meaningful relationship.
- Freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies.
- Innovation remains the cornerstone of the company’s business strategy.
- Education acts as the cornerstone for social mobility and growth.
Cultural Reference:
In many ancient buildings, the cornerstone was inscribed with dates or symbols and held ceremonial significance — still seen today in the dedication of public structures. - Architectural Tradition
Think About It:
What is the cornerstone of your personal philosophy? If that one thing were removed, how would your worldview change?
Quick Activity:
Choose a system you know (e.g., education, sports, teamwork). Identify and describe what you believe is its cornerstone, and explain why.
Memory Tip:
Cornerstone = the *first stone at the corner*. Without it, the rest falls apart. It holds the whole idea or system in place.
Real-World Application:
“Cornerstone” is a powerful metaphor in business, education, architecture, and philosophy. It helps clearly convey the most important part of an idea or structure in any field.
WORD-3: Prerequisite
Context:
"Basic programming knowledge is a prerequisite for enrolling in the advanced machine learning course." - MIT Course Catalog
Explanatory Paragraph:
A prerequisite is something that must be done or possessed before something else can happen or be achieved. It often refers to prior knowledge, qualifications, or conditions necessary for entering a course, a job, or a new phase of activity. The word emphasizes preparation and foundational requirements, ensuring readiness before proceeding.
Meaning: Something required as a prior condition for something else to happen (Noun)
Pronunciation: pree-REH-kwuh-zit
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Beginner-Intermediate
Etymology: From Latin *prae* (before) + *requisitus* (required), past participle of *requirere* (to seek, require)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
Prerequisite is a must-know academic word. Use it when referring to conditions that *must* be met before the next step. Especially common in education, project management, and policy writing.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: requirement, precondition, qualification, necessity, must-have
Antonyms: optional, nonessential, elective, luxury
Usage Examples:
- Fluency in English is a prerequisite for admission to the graduate program.
- A strong ethical foundation is a prerequisite for leadership.
- Basic algebra is a prerequisite to studying calculus.
- Teamwork is a prerequisite in most collaborative projects.
Cultural Reference:
In university course catalogs worldwide, the term “prerequisite” is commonly used to indicate the courses or credentials a student must complete before enrolling in more advanced study. - Academic Administration
Think About It:
What are the unspoken prerequisites in life — like patience before success, or failure before growth? Are they always acknowledged?
Quick Activity:
List three things you want to learn or achieve. For each, write down one prerequisite — something you need to do or know first.
Memory Tip:
“Pre-” = before + “requisite” = requirement → A prerequisite is a *before-you-begin* requirement. No skipping the line!
Real-World Application:
“Prerequisite” is essential in education, training, HR, and strategic planning. It helps define clear entry points and prepares people for structured learning or tasks.
WORD-4: Solitary
Context:
"He lived a solitary life in the mountains, far removed from the noise of modern society." - The Guardian
Explanatory Paragraph:
Solitary describes something or someone that exists alone or prefers to be alone. It can be used in a neutral, positive, or negative sense depending on the context — suggesting independence and peace, or loneliness and isolation. The term applies to people, animals, lifestyles, and experiences where separation from others is a defining quality.
Meaning: Existing or living alone; done without others (Adjective)
Pronunciation: SOL-ih-tair-ee
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Beginner-Intermediate
Etymology: From Latin *solitarius* (lonely), from *solus* meaning “alone”
Prashant Sir's Notes:
Solitary isn’t always sad — it can mean peaceful and self-reliant. In writing, it adds depth to characters who are reflective, independent, or cut off from society. A powerful mood-setting word.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: alone, isolated, lonely, unaccompanied, sequestered
Antonyms: social, accompanied, communal, connected, crowded
Usage Examples:
- She enjoys solitary walks at dawn, when the world is still quiet.
- The tiger is a solitary hunter, unlike lions that live in prides.
- After years of noise and chaos, he longed for a more solitary existence.
- Solitary confinement is considered one of the harshest forms of imprisonment.
Cultural Reference:
The archetype of the “solitary genius” — from Isaac Newton to Virginia Woolf — appears frequently in literature and biography, highlighting the link between solitude and creativity. - Literary Archetypes
Think About It:
Is solitude always a choice, or sometimes a consequence? When does being solitary shift from empowering to isolating?
Quick Activity:
Write two contrasting sentences using “solitary” — one that shows peace and joy, and another that shows sadness or isolation.
Memory Tip:
Solitary = *solo* + *territory* → Imagine someone with their own quiet territory, away from others — sometimes by choice, sometimes not.
Real-World Application:
“Solitary” is used in storytelling, psychology, prison systems, and lifestyle descriptions. It’s an important word for expressing emotional and physical separation — with nuance.
WORD-5: Experimental Trials
Context:
"The vaccine showed promising results during the initial phase of experimental trials." - World Health Organization Report
Explanatory Paragraph:
Experimental trials are structured procedures used to test hypotheses, evaluate the effects of treatments, or validate scientific theories under controlled conditions. Common in medicine, psychology, and product development, these trials involve varying one or more variables to observe measurable outcomes. They are essential for evidence-based conclusions and ensuring safety, accuracy, or effectiveness before public release or application.
Meaning: Controlled tests conducted to evaluate the effect of a treatment, variable, or condition (Noun phrase)
Pronunciation: eks-PAIR-uh-men-tl TRY-uhlz
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: From Latin “experimentum” (test or trial) + “trial” (from Old French *trier*, to test or sift)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
This phrase is core to scientific thinking. “Experimental trials” show up everywhere — from medicine to psychology to tech. Learn it as a precise way to talk about testing with purpose and control.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: clinical trials, test runs, pilot studies, experiments, pilot programs
Antonyms: assumptions, guesses, uncontrolled processes, implementation without testing
Usage Examples:
- The drug passed all experimental trials before receiving regulatory approval.
- Experimental trials revealed unexpected side effects in certain patients.
- The product underwent multiple experimental trials to ensure user safety.
- In educational psychology, experimental trials are used to test learning methods.
Cultural Reference:
Experimental trials were central to the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines — highlighting both scientific innovation and ethical concerns about safety and speed. - Contemporary Global Health
Think About It:
How do we balance the need for urgent innovation with the caution required in experimental trials? Who decides what risks are acceptable?
Quick Activity:
Choose a product, idea, or medicine. Write a short paragraph outlining how you would design an experimental trial to test it.
Memory Tip:
“Experimental trials” = *experiment + trial* → Picture a lab with controlled tests — nothing is assumed; everything is proven or disproven.
Real-World Application:
This phrase is vital in scientific writing, policy reports, academic papers, and journalism. Understanding “experimental trials” helps you evaluate credibility and evidence in research-based decisions.
WORD-6: Marshmallow Test
Context:
"The marshmallow test became a symbol of self-control and long-term success in psychological research." - APA Monitor on Psychology
Explanatory Paragraph:
The Marshmallow Test is a famous psychological experiment originally conducted in the 1970s by Walter Mischel at Stanford University. In this study, children were offered a choice between one marshmallow immediately or two marshmallows if they waited for a short period. The test aimed to assess delayed gratification — the ability to resist an immediate reward in favor of a larger future one. The results were later linked to long-term success indicators, though follow-up studies have suggested more nuanced interpretations.
Meaning: A psychological test used to measure self-control and delayed gratification (Noun phrase)
Pronunciation: MARSH-mel-oh test
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate
Etymology: Named after the marshmallow used in the original experiment + “test” from Latin *testum* (earthen pot, or test)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
This phrase is a brilliant blend of pop culture and behavioral science. Use it to talk about willpower, long-term thinking, or childhood psychology. It’s also great for essays on success or decision-making.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: self-discipline test, impulse control experiment, delay test
Antonyms: instant reward experiment, impulsive behavior, immediate gratification
Usage Examples:
- The marshmallow test is often cited in discussions about childhood development and future success.
- In real life, resisting distractions during work is a kind of marshmallow test.
- Critics argue that the marshmallow test oversimplifies the complex factors behind behavior.
- Parents can use marshmallow-test-like challenges to help children practice patience.
Cultural Reference:
The marshmallow test has entered popular culture, appearing in TED Talks, parenting books, and productivity advice as a metaphor for emotional intelligence and future planning. - Behavioral Science in Pop Culture
Think About It:
Is the ability to delay gratification innate, or can it be taught and practiced? How does environment affect the results of a marshmallow test?
Quick Activity:
Write about a time when you faced your own “marshmallow test” — a moment where you had to choose between a small reward now or a bigger one later.
Memory Tip:
Picture a kid staring at a marshmallow — if they wait, they get two! That’s the essence of the marshmallow test: resisting temptation for a better payoff.
Real-World Application:
“Marshmallow test” is used in psychology, parenting, education, and corporate training to highlight how impulse control influences decision-making and long-term achievement.
WORD-7: Temptation
Context:
"Despite knowing the consequences, he couldn't resist the temptation to peek at the confidential document." - BBC Ethics & Psychology Column
Explanatory Paragraph:
Temptation is the strong desire to do something, especially something that is wrong, unwise, or against one’s better judgment. It often involves a conflict between short-term gratification and long-term goals or values. Temptation is a key theme in religion, literature, and psychology, where it represents the internal struggle between impulse and self-control.
Meaning: The desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise (Noun)
Pronunciation: temp-TAY-shun
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Beginner-Intermediate
Etymology: From Latin *temptatio*, meaning “a trial, an attempt, an enticement” — from *temptare*, “to try or test”
Prashant Sir's Notes:
Temptation is a classic word that pairs beautifully with “resistance,” “morality,” and “self-control.” It’s emotionally charged and works great in philosophical writing, debates, or reflective narratives.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: allure, urge, enticement, craving, seduction
Antonyms: resistance, discipline, restraint, repulsion, indifference
Usage Examples:
- Temptation led him to break his diet for a slice of rich chocolate cake.
- She fought the temptation to respond impulsively and chose silence instead.
- The story explores the theme of temptation and redemption.
- Financial temptation can be a powerful force in positions of trust.
Cultural Reference:
In the Biblical story of Adam and Eve, the temptation to eat the forbidden fruit symbolizes humanity’s struggle between obedience and desire — a motif echoed throughout literature and art. - Religious Symbolism
Think About It:
Is temptation inherently negative, or can it also reveal what we truly want or value? How do we learn to handle it?
Quick Activity:
Write about a recent situation where you felt tempted. What did you do — give in or resist? What did you learn?
Memory Tip:
Temptation = *test + sensation* — think of it as a “test of desires” where your judgment is being pulled toward something sweet but risky.
Real-World Application:
“Temptation” is relevant in discussions of ethics, consumer behavior, addiction, marketing, and daily decision-making. Understanding it is key to mastering emotional intelligence and self-discipline.
WORD-8: Modified
Context:
"The policy was modified after receiving public feedback, making it more inclusive and flexible." - The Washington Post
Explanatory Paragraph:
Modified means changed or adjusted in form, structure, or function. It suggests that something has been altered from its original state — either slightly or significantly — usually for improvement, adaptation, or correction. The word is common in contexts like science, language, design, and law. It can refer to both physical changes (e.g., a modified engine) and conceptual adjustments (e.g., modified behavior).
Meaning: Changed or altered, often to improve or adapt (Adjective / Verb - past participle)
Pronunciation: MOD-uh-fide
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Beginner-Intermediate
Etymology: From Latin *modificare*, meaning “to limit, measure, or adjust,” from *modus* (measure, manner)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
“Modified” is a clean, practical word — a must-know for writing clearly about change. It’s flexible: you can modify a sentence, a plan, or even behavior. In science, it's a key term in genetics and engineering.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: changed, adjusted, altered, revised, adapted
Antonyms: original, unchanged, unaltered, preserved, fixed
Usage Examples:
- The contract was modified to include an additional clause on privacy.
- The genetically modified crop is resistant to drought and pests.
- She modified her speech to better suit the younger audience.
- The car was heavily modified for racing purposes.
Cultural Reference:
The term “genetically modified organisms (GMOs)” is central to debates on agriculture, biotechnology, and food safety — showing how “modified” can carry deep scientific and ethical implications. - Scientific Discourse
Think About It:
When we modify something, do we always improve it? Can a modification ever lose the essence of what made the original valuable?
Quick Activity:
Pick an object or habit in your daily life. Write a sentence describing how you would modify it and why. Try to use both “modify” and “modified.”
Memory Tip:
Modified = *mod* (change) + *-ified* (made) → Made to be different. Think: software update = a modified version of the original.
Real-World Application:
“Modified” is used across education, science, design, law, and technology. Whether you’re tweaking a sentence or reengineering a machine, this word is crucial for describing change with intent.
WORD-9: Distract Themselves
Context:
"In times of stress, people often distract themselves with entertainment, food, or social media to avoid deeper emotions." - Psychology Today
Explanatory Paragraph:
To “distract themselves” means to intentionally shift their attention away from something — usually a thought, emotion, or task — by focusing on something else. This phrase is commonly used in discussions about coping mechanisms, procrastination, or emotional regulation. While distraction can be helpful in short bursts (e.g., managing anxiety), it can also become avoidance if overused. The phrase carries both psychological depth and everyday relevance.
Meaning: To divert one’s attention away from a difficult thought, feeling, or situation by focusing on something else (Verb phrase)
Pronunciation: dih-STRAKT them-SELVS
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐ Beginner-Intermediate
Etymology: From Latin *dis-* (apart) + *trahere* (to draw or pull) — “distract” = to pull away; “themselves” makes it reflexive
Prashant Sir's Notes:
This is a phrase loaded with emotional and psychological meaning. “Distract themselves” can be helpful (to calm down) or harmful (to avoid growth). Always consider *why* someone is distracting themselves — the intent matters.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: occupy themselves, divert attention, shift focus, disengage, escape
Antonyms: confront reality, focus, engage deeply, face the issue
Usage Examples:
- During the lockdown, many people distracted themselves by learning new hobbies.
- He tries to distract himself from his anxiety by scrolling through memes online.
- Some students distract themselves from study stress with gaming or binge-watching.
- Instead of facing her grief, she distracted herself with work and endless to-do lists.
Cultural Reference:
Modern culture — from Netflix to TikTok — thrives on helping people distract themselves. This trend is both a symptom of high-stress lifestyles and a reflection of how digital content hijacks our attention. - Media Psychology
Think About It:
When does distraction become avoidance? Can you tell the difference in your own habits?
Quick Activity:
Write down three ways you often distract yourself. Then reflect: are these healthy coping tools or ways to avoid something deeper?
Memory Tip:
Distract = *pull away* from focus. “Distract themselves” means *they choose* to pull away — not always bad, but not always wise.
Real-World Application:
This phrase is widely used in psychology, coaching, and everyday self-talk. Recognizing when and why we distract ourselves is essential for emotional awareness, growth, and resilience.
WORD-10: Comparative Psychologists
Context:
"Comparative psychologists study animal behavior to understand the evolutionary roots of human cognition." - Scientific American
Explanatory Paragraph:
Comparative psychologists are researchers who study the behavior and mental processes of animals in order to understand similarities and differences across species — including humans. This branch of psychology draws from biology, neuroscience, and evolutionary theory. By examining learning, memory, emotion, and problem-solving in animals, comparative psychologists seek insights into the origins of behavior, brain function, and intelligence.
Meaning: Scientists who study animal and human behavior by comparing across species (Noun - plural)
Pronunciation: kom-PAIR-uh-tiv sy-KOL-uh-jists
Difficulty Level: ⭐⭐⭐ Intermediate-Advanced
Etymology: From Latin *comparare* (to compare) + Greek *psyche* (soul, mind) + *-logia* (study)
Prashant Sir's Notes:
This term bridges psychology and zoology. Think of Jane Goodall or B.F. Skinner — they observed non-human animals to better understand human behavior. It’s a brilliant word for anyone interested in animal studies or cognitive science.
Synonyms & Antonyms:
Synonyms: animal behaviorists, evolutionary psychologists, cross-species researchers, cognitive ethologists
Antonyms: clinical psychologists, psychoanalysts, human-only researchers
Usage Examples:
- Comparative psychologists examine how animals learn, adapt, and solve problems.
- The work of comparative psychologists often informs AI and robotics research.
- Some comparative psychologists study parental behavior in birds to understand human attachment patterns.
- Comparative psychologists help answer deep questions about consciousness across species.
Cultural Reference:
Famous comparative psychologists like Konrad Lorenz and Harry Harlow shaped our understanding of imprinting, attachment, and animal cognition — influencing both psychology and ethics in science. - History of Psychology
Think About It:
What can animals teach us about ourselves? Do you think comparing species helps us become more humane or more scientific?
Quick Activity:
Choose an animal and describe a behavior it exhibits (e.g., problem-solving, empathy, tool use). Write a sentence about how a comparative psychologist might interpret that behavior.
Memory Tip:
“Comparative psychologists” = psychologists who *compare* species. Think: humans vs. chimps, dogs, birds — all to understand how minds work across nature.
Real-World Application:
This field influences neuroscience, education, animal welfare, and even tech. Comparative psychologists help shape how we view non-human intelligence and how we ethically treat animals.
